Surgery for Breast Cancer
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Surgery for Breast Cancer: Types, Procedures, and Recovery
1. Types of Breast Cancer Surgery
A. Breast-Conserving Surgery (Lumpectomy/Partial Mastectomy)
- What it does: Removes the tumor + a margin of healthy tissue while preserving most of the breast.
- Best for: Early-stage (I & II) or small tumors.
- Follow-up: Usually requires radiation therapy to kill remaining cancer cells.
B. Mastectomy (Full Breast Removal)
- What it does: Removes all breast tissue (sometimes including nipple/areola).
- Types:
- Simple (Total) Mastectomy – Removes breast tissue only.
- Skin-Sparing/Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy – Preserves skin/nipple for reconstruction.
- Modified Radical Mastectomy – Removes breast + lymph nodes (if cancer has spread).
- Best for: Large tumors, multiple tumors, or high genetic risk (BRCA mutation).
C. Lymph Node Surgery (Axillary Lymph Node Dissection/Sentinel Node Biopsy)
- Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB):
- Removes 1-3 key lymph nodes to check for cancer spread.
- Minimally invasive; reduces lymphedema risk.
- Axillary Lymph Node Dissection (ALND):
- Removes multiple lymph nodes if cancer is detected in sentinel nodes.
- Higher risk of lymphedema but necessary if cancer has spread.
2. Breast Reconstruction Options
- Implants (silicone/saline) – Done in stages or immediately after mastectomy.
- Autologous (Flap) Reconstruction – Uses tissue from the abdomen (DIEP flap), back (LD flap), or thighs.
- Nipple Reconstruction & Tattooing – Restores natural appearance after healing.
3. Recovery & Side Effects
- Hospital Stay:
- Lumpectomy: Usually outpatient.
- Mastectomy: 1-2 nights.
- Pain & Healing:
- Mild to moderate pain (managed with meds).
- Drains may be placed for fluid removal (1-2 weeks).
- Possible Side Effects:
- Swelling, bruising, numbness.
- Lymphedema (if lymph nodes removed).
- Emotional adjustment (counseling/support groups help).
4. Choosing the Right Surgery
- Factors to Consider:
- Cancer stage & type.
- Genetic risk (BRCA, family history).
- Personal preference (body image, reconstruction desires).
- Always discuss with your surgeon & oncologist for a personalized plan.